🌿 Plant Profile - Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Josh Goheen
Sep 10
12 min read

🌿 Clove

Botanical Name: Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Eugenia caryophyllata)

Family: Myrtaceae

Common Names: Clove, Clove Bud, Caryophyllus, Laung (Hindi), Ding Xiang (Chinese), Qaranful (Arabic)

Parts Used: Flower buds, essential oil

Energetics: Hot, pungent, aromatic, stimulating, slightly sweet

Tissue States: Cold, stagnant, damp, congested

Primary Actions: Stimulant, carminative, analgesic, antiseptic, antimicrobial, warming tonic, aphrodisiac

🌱 Botanical Description

Growth Habit: The clove tree is an evergreen tree that typically reaches heights of 8 to 12 meters. This tree exhibits a robust and upright growth form, with a well-defined trunk that can branch out to create a dense canopy. The bark is smooth and grayish-brown, contributing to the tree's overall aesthetic appeal. Clove trees thrive in tropical climates, where they benefit from warm temperatures and consistent rainfall, allowing them to flourish and produce the aromatic flower buds that are so highly prized.
Leaves: The leaves of the clove tree are arranged oppositely on the stem, meaning that pairs of leaves emerge from the same node, creating a symmetrical appearance. These leaves are typically elliptical to ovate in shape, measuring between 10 to 20 centimeters in length. The surface of the leaves is glossy and leathery, giving them a durable quality that helps retain moisture. When crushed, the leaves release a strong, aromatic scent, characteristic of cloves, which is due to the presence of essential oils. This aromatic quality not only enhances the sensory experience but also serves as a natural defense mechanism against herbivores.
Flowers: Clove flowers are quite distinctive, beginning as small, crimson buds that are tightly clustered together. These buds are harvested just before they fully open, ensuring that the essential oils within them are at their peak concentration. Once dried, these buds transform into the familiar clove spice, known for its intense flavor and fragrance. The flowers, when they bloom, develop into clusters of delicate pinkish-white blossoms that are visually appealing, attracting a variety of pollinators, including bees. This flowering stage is crucial for the reproductive cycle of the tree, as it leads to the formation of fruit.
Fruit: The fruit of the clove tree is a small purple drupe, which is relatively rare in terms of medicinal use compared to the flower buds. These drupes are typically about 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter and contain a single seed surrounded by a fleshy exterior. While the fruit itself is not commonly harvested for culinary or medicinal purposes, it plays a role in the propagation of the tree, as the seeds can germinate and give rise to new clove trees in suitable environments.
Habitat: Clove trees are originally native to the Maluku Islands, also known as the “Spice Islands” of Indonesia, where they have been cultivated for centuries. Their cultivation has since spread to various tropical regions around the world, including Tanzania (particularly on the island of Zanzibar), Madagascar, India, and Sri Lanka. These regions provide the ideal climatic conditions for clove growth, characterized by rich, well-drained soils and a humid atmosphere. The global demand for cloves has led to extensive agricultural practices in these areas, where clove plantations are carefully managed to ensure high-quality yields.

📜 History and Etymology

The English word clove has its roots in the Latin term clavus, which translates to “nail.” This nomenclature is a direct reference to the distinctive shape of the clove bud, which resembles a small nail. This etymological connection underscores not only the physical characteristics of the spice but also hints at its historical significance in culinary and medicinal contexts.
Cloves have been utilized in China since as early as 200 BCE. Historical records indicate that officials would chew on cloves prior to addressing the emperor, a practice aimed at freshening their breath and ensuring that they presented themselves in the best possible way. This custom highlights the value placed on personal hygiene and social etiquette in ancient Chinese culture, as well as the early recognition of cloves as a desirable aromatic spice.
In various traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese medicine, cloves are highly revered for their diverse therapeutic properties. They are commonly used to aid digestion, alleviate respiratory issues, and serve as a natural analgesic for pain relief. The multifaceted applications of cloves in these ancient practices illustrate their importance not only as a culinary ingredient but also as a significant component of holistic health approaches across different cultures.
During the medieval spice trade, cloves emerged as a precious commodity, leading to intense competition among nations. The quest for control over clove production and trade routes sparked wars and colonization efforts, particularly in the Spice Islands, known today as the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. The economic impact of cloves was profound, as they were sought after not only for their flavor but also for their preservative and medicinal properties, making them a driving force behind global trade dynamics in that era.
In European folk magic, cloves have been associated with various mystical properties, particularly concerning purification, love, and protection. They were often used in rituals and spells aimed at warding off negative energies and attracting positive influences. The spice's aromatic qualities were believed to purify spaces and enhance emotional connections, further embedding cloves into the cultural practices and beliefs of different communities throughout history.

🩺 Medicinal Uses

🍽 Digestive System

Carminative: Clove is renowned for its ability to relieve discomfort associated with gas, nausea, bloating, and diarrhea. Its natural compounds help to soothe the digestive tract, easing spasms and promoting smoother digestion.
Stimulates appetite and digestion: Particularly beneficial in cold, sluggish states, clove enhances the production of digestive enzymes, thereby improving appetite and facilitating a more efficient digestive process. This is especially useful during the winter months when digestive activity may slow down.

🦷 Pain Relief & Dental

Famous for toothache relief: Clove oil is a traditional remedy for toothaches, as it can be applied directly to the gums or teeth to provide immediate relief from pain. Its active ingredient, eugenol, has analgesic properties that help numb the area and alleviate discomfort.
Antimicrobial properties: Clove oil is not only effective for pain relief but is also used in mouthwashes due to its strong antimicrobial effects, making it beneficial in treating gingivitis and oral infections. Regular use can help maintain oral hygiene and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.

🌬 Respiratory System

Warming expectorant: Clove acts as a warming expectorant, providing relief from respiratory issues such as cough, colds, asthma, and bronchitis. Its soothing properties can help loosen mucus, making it easier to expel and thus clearing the airways.
Supports lung vitality: By helping to clear congestion, clove supports overall lung health and vitality. Its anti-inflammatory effects can also aid in reducing irritation in the respiratory tract, promoting easier breathing and a more comfortable respiratory experience.

🛡 Antimicrobial & Immune

Potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral: Clove is recognized for its strong antimicrobial properties, making it an effective natural remedy against various infections. Its ability to combat bacteria, fungi, and viruses helps to bolster the immune system and protect against illness.
Historically used in plague protection formulas: Clove has a rich history in traditional medicine, notably in plague protection formulas such as “Four Thieves Vinegar,” which was believed to protect against the plague. This historical usage underscores its value in promoting health and preventing disease.

❤️ Circulatory & Nervous System

Mild stimulant: Clove acts as a mild stimulant, increasing circulation and warming the extremities. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who experience cold hands and feet or poor circulation, as it helps to enhance blood flow and regulate body temperature.
Uplifts mood: Beyond its physical benefits, clove also has a positive effect on mental well-being. It can help uplift mood, reduce feelings of fatigue, and even act as a gentle aphrodisiac, making it a valuable addition to holistic health practices aimed at improving both physical and emotional health.

🔬 Constituents

Volatile oils (15–20%): The primary component of clove oil is eugenol, which is renowned for its analgesic and antiseptic properties. Eugenol is not only effective in relieving pain but also serves as a natural disinfectant, making it a common ingredient in dental care products. In addition to eugenol, clove oil contains eugenyl acetate, which contributes to its sweet and spicy aroma, and caryophyllene, a compound recognized for its anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic effects. Together, these volatile oils play a crucial role in the flavor profile and medicinal applications of clove.
Tannins: Clove also contains tannins, which are polyphenolic compounds known for their astringent properties. The presence of tannins in clove contributes to its ability to bind and precipitate proteins, making it beneficial in various traditional remedies. This astringent action can help in treating minor wounds and reducing inflammation, promoting faster healing and providing a protective barrier against infections.
Flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols: These compounds are significant for their antioxidant effects, which help combat oxidative stress in the body. Flavonoids, in particular, are known for their ability to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Triterpenoids and sterols also contribute to the overall health benefits of clove by supporting cellular health and exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. The synergistic action of these compounds enhances the nutritional value of clove and its potential therapeutic applications.
Mucilage, resins: Clove contains mucilage, a gelatinous substance that can have soothing effects on the digestive system. Mucilage can help in alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort and promoting gut health. Additionally, the resins found in clove contribute to its aromatic qualities and may possess antimicrobial properties, further enhancing its use in traditional medicine and culinary applications.

⚗️ Preparations & Dosage

Dried buds: Clove buds, when dried, can be utilized in various ways. A common method is to gently chew 1–3 dried buds, allowing their potent flavor and health benefits to be released directly into the mouth. This method not only provides a burst of aromatic flavor but also aids in stimulating saliva production, which can enhance digestion. Alternatively, these dried buds can be infused in hot water to create a soothing tea, which can be consumed up to twice daily. This infusion method allows for the extraction of essential oils and beneficial compounds, making it a great choice for those looking to enjoy the calming effects of clove in a warm beverage.
Infusion: To prepare a clove infusion, take 1–2 dried clove buds and steep them in hot water for several minutes. This process not only extracts the flavor but also the health-promoting properties of clove, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Consuming this infusion up to two times daily can be particularly beneficial for digestive health and may also help in alleviating symptoms of respiratory issues, providing a natural remedy for colds and coughs.
Powder: Clove powder is another versatile form that can be used in cooking or as a supplement. A typical dosage ranges from 250–500 mg per dose. This powdered form is often blended with warming spices like cinnamon or ginger to enhance its flavor and health benefits. Incorporating clove powder into smoothies, baked goods, or savory dishes can not only add a unique taste but also provide the body with antioxidants and essential nutrients that support overall health.
Essential oil: Clove essential oil is a concentrated form that should be used with caution. When applying topically, it is crucial to dilute it to a concentration of 1–3% to avoid skin irritation. This diluted oil can be used for various purposes, including pain relief, dental care, or massage therapy. Its analgesic properties make it a popular choice for soothing sore muscles or joint pain. Additionally, clove essential oil can be utilized in aromatherapy practices, where its warm and spicy aroma is believed to support respiratory health and uplift mood, making it a valuable addition to any wellness routine.
Tincture: A clove tincture is another effective preparation, typically made with a ratio of 1:5 in 45% alcohol. The recommended dosage is 2–4 mL, which can be taken up to three times daily. Tinctures are highly concentrated extracts that capture the essence of the clove plant, making them a potent option for those seeking the health benefits of clove in a convenient form. This preparation is particularly useful for individuals who prefer not to consume the strong flavors of clove directly but still wish to experience its therapeutic effects.

⚠️ Contraindications

Essential oil is very strong — may cause irritation or burns if undiluted. Clove essential oil is highly concentrated and can be quite potent. When applied directly to the skin without proper dilution, it can lead to severe irritation, redness, and even chemical burns in sensitive individuals. It is crucial to always dilute clove oil with a carrier oil, such as coconut or jojoba oil, to mitigate these risks and ensure safe usage. Additionally, the strong aroma of clove oil can be overwhelming for some, potentially leading to headaches or respiratory discomfort if inhaled in large amounts.
High doses may cause nausea, vomiting, or liver irritation. While clove has many beneficial properties, excessive consumption, particularly in the form of concentrated extracts or supplements, can lead to adverse effects. High doses may irritate the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in symptoms like nausea and vomiting. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that very high amounts of clove oil can exert toxic effects on the liver, leading to liver irritation or damage. Therefore, it is essential to adhere to recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare professional before using clove in medicinal forms, especially for prolonged periods.
Avoid in pregnancy except culinary use. During pregnancy, it is particularly important to exercise caution with the use of clove and its essential oil. While culinary use of clove as a spice in food is generally considered safe in moderation, therapeutic doses or concentrated forms of clove may pose risks. There is limited research on the effects of clove oil during pregnancy, and it is believed that it could potentially induce uterine contractions or affect fetal development. Pregnant individuals should consult their healthcare provider before using clove products to ensure safety for both themselves and their developing baby.
Caution with anticoagulant medications (clove oil may inhibit platelet aggregation). Clove contains eugenol, which has been shown to have anticoagulant properties. This means that it can interfere with blood clotting processes, potentially enhancing the effects of anticoagulant medications such as warfarin or aspirin. For individuals taking these types of medications, it is vital to use clove oil with caution, as it may increase the risk of bleeding or bruising. It is advisable to discuss any plans to incorporate clove into a regimen with a healthcare provider to avoid any adverse interactions.

🔮 Spiritual and Esoteric Lore

Clove has been burned as incense in various cultures across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe for centuries, serving significant purposes in spiritual practices. This aromatic spice is revered for its ability to facilitate purification, protection, and invoking love. When burned, clove incense is believed to cleanse the environment of negative energies, creating a sacred space conducive to meditation and spiritual work. The warm, spicy fragrance is often associated with attracting love and enhancing emotional connections, making it a popular choice for rituals aimed at fostering romance and intimacy.
In the realm of folk magic, clove is deeply associated with prosperity, attraction, and banishing negativity. Practitioners often incorporate clove into spells and rituals designed to draw in abundance and success. Its potent essence is thought to enhance the manifestation of desires, helping individuals to attract not only wealth but also positive relationships and opportunities. Additionally, clove is utilized as a powerful tool to dispel unwanted energies and influences, effectively creating a protective barrier against negativity that may hinder personal growth and well-being.
Clove has also been used in various protective charms that serve as safeguards against illness and evil spirits. In many traditions, it is believed that the strong, pungent aroma of clove can ward off malevolent entities and shield the individual from harmful influences. These protective charms often incorporate clove in combination with other herbs and crystals, amplifying their efficacy in creating a formidable defense against both physical ailments and spiritual disturbances.
In the context of traditional Chinese medicine, clove, known as Ding Xiang, holds a significant place due to its warming properties. It is said to warm the middle burner, which refers to the digestive system, expelling cold and strengthening yang energy. This warming effect is particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing digestive issues or coldness in the body, as it promotes better circulation and enhances overall vitality. The use of clove in herbal formulations is aimed at restoring balance and harmony within the body, supporting both physical health and spiritual well-being.

🪐 Planetary Correspondence: Jupiter (abundance, expansion) with Mars (heat, stimulation)

🜄 Element: Fire & Air (vital force, cleansing)

🧿 Chakra: Solar Plexus (digestive fire, willpower) & Throat (expression, breath)

✨ Doctrine of Signatures

The bud’s nail-like shape is not merely a coincidence; it serves as a visual cue that underscores its traditional use for pain relief and fastening strength. This unique morphology suggests a natural affinity for penetrating and alleviating discomfort, much like a nail secures and stabilizes structures. In herbal medicine, cloves have been utilized for centuries to treat various ailments, particularly dental pain, due to their potent analgesic properties. The resemblance of the clove bud to a small nail also metaphorically reinforces its strength in binding and holding together the body’s systems, promoting overall health and wellness.
The intensely hot, penetrating aroma of cloves is a powerful indicator of their therapeutic potential, revealing their ability to stimulate digestion, circulation, and spirit. This aromatic profile is not only pleasing to the senses but also plays a critical role in traditional healing practices. The warm, spicy scent is thought to invigorate the digestive tract, enhancing appetite and facilitating the breakdown of food. Furthermore, the stimulating properties of cloves extend to improving blood circulation, which can help in warming the body and promoting a sense of vitality. On a spiritual level, the aroma of cloves is often associated with uplifting the mood and clearing mental fog, thus serving as a natural remedy for emotional fatigue and lethargy.
The fiery essence of cloves reflects their significant role as a protector and purifier against decay and corruption. This characteristic is deeply rooted in the Doctrine of Signatures, which posits that the physical traits of plants can indicate their healing properties. Cloves, with their strong antimicrobial and antifungal properties, have been historically used to preserve food, preventing spoilage and promoting longevity. In various cultures, cloves are also burned or used in potpourri for their purifying effects, believed to cleanse the air of negative energies and pathogens. This protective quality aligns with the symbolism of fire, representing transformation and the ability to ward off harmful influences, both physically and spiritually.

🧾 Final Thoughts

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a fiery, aromatic healer — easing digestion, relieving pain, clearing infections, and uplifting the spirit. From ancient courts of China to Ayurvedic kitchens and European plague remedies, clove has been a protector, purifier, and spice of life. Spiritually, it embodies warmth, attraction, and protection, making it both a medicine and a magical ally.